Organization Culture In Multinational Companies Management Essay

Organization Culture In Multinational Companies Management Essay Multinational companies are facing more challenges when they try to develop a cohesive organizational culture than domestic companies. In this study, several cases experienced from real life examples will be presented. They will be discussed with theoretical framework which allows reader to understand each situation through comparative analysis. The theory of Cultural Management, Cross Cultural Communication Negotiation, Leadership, Motivating people is selected for cross referencing in accordance to the topic of the study. The study focus on two main parts; Part 1: Describe the challenges faced by MNCs on developing a global management, moving forward to identify the key challenges; Part 2: Focus on managing people across borders and cultures implementing Cultural Management concepts and theories (Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions 1980), leadership Motivating theories. The intention of this part is to give a critically discussion on real business situations while being aware of the application of these selected theories. The findings of useful methods for global leaders developing organizational culture will be explained in the conclusion. I will give my personal reflections on how the application of these theories will benefit leaders working in the similar situations in the international business. Part 1 Challenges on developing a global management Organizations are always facing challenges when they are doing business globally. These challenges include the assessment of the environment, managing social responsibility and ethics, communication negotiation across cultures, etc. In the following paragraphs, I will give journal articles related to a real life example that has faced several critical challenges when developing a global management. On 5th March 2012, China Labour bulletin reported a string of press release that there are a total of 27 logged reports of strike and protest from workers across China with the majority group of workers from the industrial/manufacturing and transport sector. The strikes and protests are mainly concerned on low wages, reduction of annual bonus, unreasonable employee layoff, management takeovers and relocations. A related such case is workers at Putzmeister Machinery in Shanghai stages a strike over the unsatisfactory compensation package being offered after the company takeover by SANY Group. Putzmeister Machinery being one of the largest German Manufacturer of concrete pumps has been acquired by Sany Group (one of the largest manufacturer of heavy machinery in China). Workers who are benefitting from the existing European management system and packages cannot accept the sudden implementation changes adapted from the Chinese company. It is believed that SANY has amended the package not in favour to the workers. After acquisition took place, employees who are not from SANY Group are affected by several changed factors both internal and external of the SANYs company policy. The culture which forms the organizational environment requires managers improve their cross-border learning capabilities. Managers from parent-country nationals or host-country nationals cannot ignore local employees needs. Successful leader manager advocate to earn peoples loyalty and trust by learning their different cultures, they also try to help employees to understand what their future and opportunities may have in place. Besides, exercising effective Change Management is necessary for leaders to understand the culture changes. This is because culture does not simply mean understanding who talks with whom, about what, and how the communication proceeds, it means how people encode messages, the meanings they have for messages, and the conditions and circumstances under which various messages may or may not be sent, noticed or interpreted. (Samovar and Porter, 1997) In this regards, the needs to understand the cultural variables are also necessary for Managers of SANY Group to enquire the skill to avoid miscommunication. According to the study from Cameron and Green (2004), the role of a leader in acquisitions is providing situations to the individuals in organization as follows  [1]  : 1. Ensure that the team knows that a change will happen and things will not be the same way they used to. 2. Ensure that the people understand the things that will change, what will stay the same and when will all this happen. 3. Encourage people try to do things in a new way and provide the right environment. Part 2 Managing and motivating people across cultures People from the same culture usually share a common general understanding of right and wrong, acceptable behavior and inappropriate behavior. In multinational companies, staffs are from a variety of national cultures, they have variety cultural backgrounds, this requires managers who are operating in global interdependent market operating in a series of hugely diverse landscapes (Tom Keen, Jim: Leadership Landscapes, palgrave, 2007). Serious misunderstandings may happen when managers cannot understand staffs real needs, values and self-actualization. Managing and motivating people across culture are not only a challenge to large companies but also something applicable to small-scale companies while multinational people are collected together. A reference of a real life example of China Wealth Middle East Machinery which is doing heavy machinery leasing business located in Dubai. China Wealth Machinery Co Ltd is a subsidiary of SANY Group which was founded in 1999. The main core of business is leasing heavy equipment to civil and building contractors. Based in Hong Kong, China Wealth set up a subsidiary branch in Dubai on 2008, which is China Wealth Middle East Machinery (L.L.C) . In China Wealth Middle East Machinery, there are workers from four different countries, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan. These workers are employed in various operating position like operators, maintenance engineers, foreman and P.R.O. The company has faced challenge in managing, motivating people from different culture. In a general perspective, there is a similar culture with very few differences among the employees from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan. However, the difference can be substantial when they are compared with the Chinese culture. Hofstedes study gives comparison between Chinese and Bangladeshi cultures, the results are illustrated as follows, Key PDI: Power Distance IDV: Individualism vs. Collectivism MAS: Masculinity vs. Femininity UAI: Uncertainty Avoidance LTO: Long term orientation LOT LTO: Long term/Short term orientation Figure Comparing China and Bangladesh The chart in Figure 1 shows the comparison of PDI, IDV, MAS, UAI between Chinese and Bangladeshi culture. There is significant similarity between the two cultures in PDI, IDV and MAS where PDI and IDV are exactly the same. In contrast, the great differences between the two cultures come at UAI and LTO. There is distinctive evidence in the relationship among Chinese and Bangladeshi. They have both displayed high power distance in their workplace. Chinese have given more respect for the elderly; it is believed their behavior assembled from the Chinese Confucianism when taught in the younger days during their upbringing. Whereas, even the junior will to embrace with outstanding achievement, they are not able to gain the same respect as the elders. In China Wealth company, all the Bangladeshi operators are younger than the Chinese operators, therefore, they will only take the role as helpers at the beginning even the Bangladeshi has accumulated enough or already have experience. In addition, the Chinese will always command a longer term orientation and a better salary package which is almost double when they are both put on the same position. It can be seen as unfair but is widely accepted in the company. Furthermore, Bangladeshi workers show their high uncertainty avoidance which can be explained that they do not mind the status and acceptance of lower responsibility in exchange for a secured salary. They are easily contented people who do not desire a long term orientation. They can generally accept Salary which is sufficient to cover the basis expenses and support the family back home. On the contrary, Chinese workers need high salary and seek for long term orientation which allow them to spend freely and opportunity for promotion in future. They are risk taker and are ready for any unforeseen event that may or may not occur, they can also take challenges at work. Thus, managers who work as multicultural role on motivation and management blend in different ways. They must consider the entire national and cultural context on a situation-by-situation basis, settle reward system not only rely on money but also search for their interest and satisfaction, means of keeping occupied, status and prestige. It is difficult to judge which type of workers behavior in China Wealth company is right or wrong. Managers should make different job motivation between Bangladeshi workers and Chinese workers according to their different cultures. Part 3 Conclusions In globalization competitive environment, leaders can be expatriates. They need to have multiple competencies to deal with challenges like cross border transaction. I think it is important for them to create new culture initiatives by allowing employees to extent their thinking and actions. Creativity can be one of the useful methods when dealing with multiple challenges. Creativity means doing things from a different way, leaders must learn different culture from people outside the system. Leaders should consider the cultural differences when creating a new culture for the merger or acquisition.( Kuada, 2008), they can enable reward systems, planning and performance management, motivating systems working together to support the objective and preferred behaviour. The leaders job comprises cultural adaptability, leadership experience and technical knowledge, level of authority and autonomy etc. No single leadership style works well in all situations.( Helen Deresky, 2012) Global leaders should broaden their horizons strategically and cross-culturally. Besides, leaders should also try to develop a flexible model what can adapt to local situations then apply around the world.

Evolution of thoughts in Scientific Management Essay

At the first stage where groups of people were insignificant, management in all spheres was carried out by one person – the leader of this group. Further, in process of group growth and complication of functions carried out by them, the necessity of labour division and group differentiation has appeared. But it couldn’t happen at once, it required centuries. The Egyptian pyramids build in 3000 – 2000 B.C. are a good example not only ancient Egyptian’s culture, but also their administrative art. Construction of huge pyramids demanded, first of all, precise planning. While the practice of management can be traced back to 3000 B.C., it was not given serious attention until 1800 when large organisations emerged. Industrial revolution has given a push to development of theoretical researches and management practices. However, till an epoch of capitalism function of management was carried out by the owner himself and a small group of the persons approached to him. The role of the specially trained managers developed during an epoch of monocapitalism. Having been faced with a competition, changeable environment, managers developed knowledge system of how it is better to use resources. During all history of management development we distinguish two approaches: classical and modern. Classical approach allows to allocate four patterns of management thought: 1898 Scientific management 1916 Administrative management 1920 Bureaucracy 1927 Human relations SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Occurrence of scientific management takes place at the beginning of 20th century and is connected to F.W.Taylor’s name, Henri L.Gantt, Frank and Lilian Gilbreth. Scientific management focuses on worker and machine relationship. Organisational productivity can be increased by increasing the efficiency of production process. In 1911, Frederick Taylor, known as the Father of scientific management, published Principles of Scientific Management in which he proposed to design  work methods to increase productivity. One of his famous experiments was performed at Bethlehem Steel Company in Pittsburgh. He examined the time and movements, developed a better method for performing that job and trained the worker. In addition, Taylor offered a piece rate that increased as workers produced more. Taylor’s studies were followed by Gibreths, a husband and a wife, who also helped to find more efficient ways for workers to produce output. Frank Gilbreth made his contribution in the field of brick lying by changing an 18 step process into 5 step that led to increased productivity by about 200 percent. The Gibreths believed that were was one best way to perform an operation. However this â€Å"one best way† could be replaced when a better way was introduced. Other representative of Scientific Management was Henri Gantt. He developed a Gantt chart, which is used for scheduling multiple task over a time period. He developed a pay system with a guaranteed minimum wage and bonus systems for people on fixed wages and brought in a significant contribution to the leadership theory development. ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT Unlike Scientific Management which focused its attention on productivity, Administrative Management have engaged in development of management in the organisation as a whole and was concerned about administrative part of the organisation. The ancestor of this school was Henri Fayol. He worked as a mining engineer and came to realise that managing an enterprise required a lots of skills apart from technical ones. Henri Fayol was the first to identify the four management functions: Planning Organising Leading Controlling He also developed guidelines for managers to follow. These guidelines form fourteen principles for effective management. Other contributor to Administrative Management was Mary Parker Follet. She pointed out that all managers want flexibility, and she also distinguished between the motivation of individuals and groups. BUREAUCRACY Max Weber, known as a father of Modern Sociology, concentrated on how to structure an organisation for success. Weber outlined key elements of an ideal form of structure, which he believed would develop efficiency and called it bureaucracy. The bureaucratic structure had a number of important advantages for large organisations. The division of labour increased efficiently due to the continued repetition of the task. Hierarchy allowed developing a chain of command. Format selection meant that employees were hired on knowledge and experience and no other criteria would be used. Career orientation ensured that career professionals would give the organisation a degree of continuity in operations. Rules and procedures controlled employee performance. The impersonality of the organisation ensured that rules were applied across the board without personality or other influence getting in the way. HUMAN RELATIONS During the 1920s, an emphasis on the human side of the workplace began to influence management thinking. They started to realise that people are social and self-actualising. People at work are seemed to seek satisfying social relationships, respond to group pressures, and search for personal fulfilment. The human relations movement began with the Hawthorne Studies that were conducted at the Western Electric Company in Cicero 1924 -1933. The intention of these studies was to determine the effect of working conditions on productivity. The illumination experiments tried to determine whether better lighting would lead to increased productivity. Both the control group and the experimental group of female employees produced more whether the lights were turned up or down. It was discovered that this increased productivity was a result of the attention received by the group. In the relay assembly group experiments, six female employees worked in a special, separate area. They were given breaks and had the freedom to talk and were continuously observed by a researcher who served as the supervisor. Once again researches failed to find any direct relationship between changes in physical working conditions and output. Productivity increased regardless of the changes made. Two factors were set up as having special importance. One was the group atmosphere; the workers shared pleasant social relations with one another and wanted to do a good job. The other was more participative supervision. The workers were made to feel important, were given a lot of information, and were frequently asked for their opinions. It was not the case in their regular jobs. The final Hawthorne Study was conducted in the bank wiring room and centred on the role of the work group. A surprise finding here was that people would restrict their output in order to avoid the displeasure of the group. It was recognised that group can have strong negative, as well as positive influences on individual productivity. Two writers who helped advance the human relation movement were Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor. In 1943, Maslow advanced a theory suggesting that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Which are physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation needs. People try to satisfy the five needs in sequence. They progress step by step from the lowest up to the highest. Meanwhile Douglas McGregor represents Theory X and Theory Y. According to McGregor, managers holding Theory X believe that those who work for them generally dislike work, lack ambitions, are irresponsible and prefer to be led rather than to lead. While in the Theory Y managers believe that people willing to work are capable of self-control, are willing to accept responsibility, are imaginative and creative. CONCLUSIONS Scientific Management Analysis of the past allows a better understanding of the present to predict the future Scientific Management improved people’s productivity at work by reducing number of motions choosing one best way to perform the task. However, Scientific Management was not without its critics. Taylor assumed that people were motivated only by money and ignored social and psychological factors. Also, Scientific Management techniques often resulted in lay-offs and it led to job losses. Relationship between the organisation and environment wasn’t taken to attention. Despite these criticisms, we use some of scientific techniques nowadays. For instance, on factory that produces mobile phones, the whole production mechanism is broken down to small tasks. The workers are guided by carefully calculated standards. They know how many details they should approximately produce per hour. Each movement is chosen carefully in order to reduce excess motions. I have been working in a hotel industry for three years. The scientific management techniques have been used in my department as well. To make checking in and out more efficient everyone had his or her own best way of performing the task. Administrative Management. Nowadays Faylol’s five main functions gained widespread recognition. Let’s take a hotel, for instance. Managers have to make plans for the future, organise short-term plans, co-ordinate recourses and finances, and control plans get their goals. In the Royal Bayswater Hotel, where I worked, manager’s aim was to get a â€Å"Service Excellence Award.† They planed to increase service by: training the staff; paying more attention to internal customers because â€Å"happy staff is happy customers† and by trying to exceed customer’s expectations. During all this process managers were controlling if everything was following the plans. And as a result to everybody’s effort the hotel has been awarded with â€Å"Best Excellence Service Award† Bureaucracy While the term Bureaucracy has a negative meaning some of its elements are still relevant. In the earlier mentioned hotel, for example, staff is selected and promoted on ability to perform the task. Workers are career orientated. In order to obtain the organisational objectives procedures are measured and performed according to the organisational rules and standards. Standards and rules applied without personal influence. Human Relations Until the late 20th human relationship hasn’t been taken to serious consideration. It has only been  after Hawthorne Experiments, the improvement of relations between all levels has been accepted as a very important element in the development and improvement of any organisation . This is still have a great importance  nowadays. The job of the manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. To do this the manager should be able to encourage, teach, control, motivate and lead people. But that easier said than done. At my place of work there were different people with different needs. While some of them were satisfied with physiological and safety needs, the others there seeking for recognition from others, self-control and actualisation. So managers couldn’t expect a good performance at work if an individual’s needs haven’t been satisfied. We also had two types of managers. 1 Those who followed Theory X assumption 2 Those who followed Theory Y assumption As for me it was more difficult to work who doesn’t give you much freedom for your thoughts, and things that supervision is a necessity. On the other hand, it was a pleasure to work with someone who allows more flexibility, and thinks that control and punishment are not the only ways to make people work. As a result they got more commitment to the organisation. LIST OF REFERENCES 1 â€Å"Management†Stephen P. Robbinsons, Mary Coulter, 7 edition 2 â€Å"Management† John R. Schermerhorn, JR. 8 edition 3 â€Å"Management† John R. Schermerhorn, JR. 7 edition 4†³Management† Ricky W. Griffin 7 edition 5 â€Å"Modern Management† Siobhan D. Tiernan, Michael J. Morley, Edel Foley www.sfsu.edu/~erich/slides2/-5k www.ee.uwa.edu.au/~ccroft/em333/leca02.html-12k www.evolutionevent.co.uk/-2k

TEFL study guide

Once you're facing 20 eager dents who've parted with their hard-earned cash hoping that you can change their lives, it's a little late for regrets. Get some training or do your own research but never walk Into a classroom completely unprepared. A little training is better than none at all. Being an unqualified teacher Most language schools belong to professional bodies, which set criteria for teaching staff so that there's a level of quality control. This means that usually you can't find paid work in an English-speaking country without a willingness teaching qualification.However, there are exceptions to this If the school runs Its own training aerogramme for would-be teachers. Charitable and state-run organizations with volunteer programmed sometimes welcome people willing to share their knowledge with others and you get some teaching experience in return. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 33 If a school trains staff to use its own teaching methods, you've a bet ter chance of finding work with them without a teaching qualification. Big chains like Calla and Burlier employ staff in this way, depending on the location.On the other hand, If you're traveling to a part of the world where there are few native English speakers In accidence, but the locals have some disposable income, you're more likely to be viewed as a great catch by schools and individual students looking for a tutor, despite your lack of qualifications and experience. Being a native speaker can be your USPS (unique selling point), but try not to be complacent. Many FEEL teachers have no training whatsoever but still manage to find work and develop their skills while In the Job.If you won't be relying on an Income from taster course is probably all you need. Various organizations offer weekend and short courses in TOEFL that give you a taste of what is involved in the Job and help you ecocide whether teaching is for you on a long-term basis. In the I-J, for example, Burlier (who m. Burlier. Com) won't employ a teacher who doesn't have a degree and teaching certificate. However, if you apply to one of their schools abroad, you may have the chance to prove yourself on their unpaid training course which lasts one to two weeks.Unfortunately, employers don't view all native speakers as equal. ELK, Australian and other accents from economically strong nations are viewed as high status and are more sought after. Students tend to mimic the pronunciation of their teachers and any have distinct preferences about the accent they want to acquire. Countries that use English as Just one of their national languages often bring influences from the other language (or languages) into the pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary of their particular variety of English.Some students find Asian and African varieties of English, for example, less desirable than those of the single-language nations. Whatever your accent, practice speaking clearly and accurately. When you start approa ching schools, project a professional attitude, a sense of humor and an interest in meeting and helping people. Once you find work, you need more than a great accent to get through the lessons. If a choice of work comes your way, teaching conversation lessons is your best bet for easing yourself into TOEFL.Teaching conversation is a little easier because you can concentrate on teaching less technical areas like fluency, vocabulary and pronunciation and avoid tricky grammar questions until you build up your experience. It's inadvisable to advertise yourself as merely a teacher of conversation lessons though, as this can limit your 34 Part l: Getting Started in TOEFL chances of finding work and you may find yourself feeling pigeonholed even after eve expanded your skills. It pays to brush up on your own grammar anyway and take an interest in how the English language works. Look at Chapter 15 for info on grammar. ) Think about when and why you say the things you do. Getting initiated I f you intend to teach for more than a few months, make a reasonable living at TOEFL, and give your students value for money, you really should invest in a TOEFL certificate course of 100 hours or more. Teachers at this level are officially called TOEFL initiated. Most FEEL teachers remain at this level as this is what the majority of employers squire from Job applicants. Before enrolling on a certificate course, consider who you want to teach and where.Each country has its own standards and preferences, so failing to meet the criteria for visa applications and the standards set by local employers hampers your chances of finding work. The I-J TOEFL market is a prime example. The two strands of English course providers are the private sector and the public sector: Private sector: The more established private language schools tend to be accredited by the British Council who expect FEEL teachers to be graduates (in any lied) and to hold the CELT (Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults) or qualifications.Other qualifications are technically acceptable but school managers have to Jump through hoops to convince inspectors that their teachers are worthy if they don't meet the British Council's standard for FEEL teaching qualifications or if their qualifications are not so well known. As a result they usually avoid hiring anyone who doesn't fit the profile or may cause them extra work. Public sector: On the other hand, in the public sector, schools and colleges have to meet ever changing government standards.So these days, all new teachers have to take a ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector' qualification. Unfortunately, one certificate alone won't easily grant you entry into both sectors. The point being that, if you know where, who and how you want to teach, you can do your research and select the right course. Look at TOEFL Job ads specific to the country you intend to work in and even call or email a few employers to find what exact ly they are looking for. If you need a work permit before you can work as a teacher in your chosen destination, check whether you qualify for one.If not, you may have to put in bit Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 35 more planning, otherwise you'll find yourself dependent on dodgy operators who run courses with poor facilities and ridiculously low pay. Find out too if the schools there have a strong preference for one qualification over another. Becoming a qualified teacher A fully qualified FEEL teacher is someone who has a diploma in TOEFL and has at least two years' full-time experience in teaching FEEL. The best-known diplomas are the Cambridge DELTA (Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults) and Trinity Dippiest (Diploma in Teaching English to Speakers ofOther Languages). You may also have a master's degree in LET or a similar field (such as Applied Linguistics) in addition to teaching experience. These qualifications are for people who want to make p rogress in their career and apply for managerial positions such as Director of Studies. You need a qualification like this if you're interested in training roles too. The good news is that all these positions attract higher pay and even if you're teaching the same courses as your less qualified colleagues, you're likely to have a better hourly rate than them.Diploma and master's-level courses are not for the faint hearted. You need to get thorough experience in TOEFL before considering a qualification at this level. Getting on Course After you decide that some form of training is in order, you need to find the right course. Doing a training course abroad may be cheaper than doing one at home. Entering introductory courses Various organizations offer weekend courses of about 20 hours that introduce you to TOEFL. Courses aren't accredited by any of the best-known bodies, so word of mouth is an important indicator of quality.Even though the certificate may have an accreditation stamp, it may be from an organization most employers haven't heard of. So it's worth finding out about the tutors' qualifications and experience and of what the course consists before parting with your cash. In most cases, courses have a minimum age requirement of 17 or 18. To be honest, you need to have an A-level standard education or similar to get your head around it all, but more importantly, you should have the confidence to manage people, which is something teenagers may struggle with unless they restrict themselves to teaching small children.There's no upper age limit, but once again, the pace is rather hectic on these courses. Be honest with yourself as you need to be the kind of person who can absorb knowledge quickly and put it into practice to get the most benefit out of these TOEFL weekend programmed. Trainees sometimes underestimate what is required of them and end up a little discouraged. So be warned. Weekend courses are fast and furious! If you're not a native speaker, you usually need to show that you've achieved an advanced level of English by passing an exam such as LILTS (International English Language Testing System) with a minimum band score of 7.However, even if you're a dative speaker, your grammar should be of a reasonably high standard or else you can find yourself doubting your English and losing the confidence of your students. You should know that your English is correct even if you cannot explain why yet. What you can do with this certificate A certificate from a weekend course tells employers that you're responsible enough to undergo basic training before applying for a Job. It doesn't mean that you're now a qualified FEEL teacher, regardless of what the advertisement says.In fact, after a training weekend, you're likely to feel a lot more enthusiastic and aware of what the job entails. You won't feel ready to go anywhere and teach anyone but at least you know a bit more about how to put a lesson together and the kind of the informatio n students need. View the course as a taster and tell employers that you're keen to develop your skills on the Job. What the course covers A weekend TOEFL course follows similar lines as a full TOEFL certificate because it touches on most of the same course components but in a very brief way.A weekend course should include: Basic grammar: There's far too much grammar in the English language to teach everything in such a short time, but the course should make you aware of different menses (you may think that there's a past, present and future tense and that's it, but believe me, the truth is a little more complicated). You usually touch on the different kinds of words you use in a sentence too – nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives.Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 37 Classroom techniques and activities: Very often the tutor treats you as though you're a foreign student and shows you how to handle warm-up activities and pair or group work in the classroom. Lesson planning: You should learn one of the different formats for planning a Essen so that you know in which order to do things and how to make your lessons fun and effective. An opportunity to practice teaching: You teach a mini lesson or part of a lesson to volunteer students or to your fellow trainees.The maximum class size should be about 20; a tutor can't effectively teach more than How much it costs A weekend course should be a lot cheaper (about 25 per cent of the cost) of a full certificate in a school, but don't forget to factor in the cost of accommodation and travel too. In the I-J courses cost approximately IEEE for 20 hours training. I- to- I (www. I-to-I. Mom) has been offering weekend TOEFL courses in the I-J, USA, Ireland, Canada and Australia for several years. Signing up for a certificate course TOEFL certificate courses come in a variety of packages these days.You can do intensive or part-time courses or complete a distance course online or by post. You have to b e at least 18 years old to do a TOEFL certificate in most cases, which is practical as you'll be managing people in your classroom. There's no upper age limit. Course providers generally prefer to take students with degrees or a good standard of education (good enough to go to university). Don't despair if you don't have any aroma qualifications though. It's worth speaking to the school or college in person. If it's satisfied that you have a good head on your shoulders and a respectable level of English, it may well accept you.Applicants with teaching experience are also favored. Most schools ask you to take a test to prove how good your English is, so inform the school beforehand if you have a learning difficulty that affects your writing. If you're a nonnative speaker, schools expect you to have an exam pass at advanced level in English as well. 38 part l: Getting started in TOEFL Intensive TOEFL courses last four or five weeks. Don't try to keep up your part-time Job or even your favorite TV show because every waking moment is filled with lesson plans and projects. However, this type of course is a great way to Jump in and get started.If that sounds a bit too much for you, plenty of courses are spread over three months or even a year, enabling you to attend sessions in the evenings and at weekends, so you can fit it in around your Job. In any case, you need over 100 hours of tuition, plus feedback and homework time to gain your certificate. With a bachelor or master's degree in any field and an FEEL teaching certificate you're eligible to apply for the majority of vacancies. To be honest, many university graduates have no idea what to do in a classroom so some employers bypass your level of education if you've managed to prove yourself and passed a certificate course.What the course covers The overall aim of certificate courses is to provide initial training for people who want to teach English to speakers of other languages and to make sure that they meet the criteria for teaching by demonstrating English usage accurately, by giving well balanced lessons and by evaluating their lessons. Objectives for the course usually include familiarizing trainees with all those areas that go into English language teaching – methodology, classroom procedures, techniques and aids, language awareness and testing.You have the opportunity to teach and to find out how to To help trainees learn about the main pronunciation, vocabulary and structural features of current English. To raise awareness of the learning needs of individuals or groups of learners and of the motivation they have in a variety of circumstances and environments. To make sure that trainees can work cooperatively as members of a teaching team or group. / To help trainees develop the ability to create and maintain the learners' interest and establish rapport.Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 39 To make sure that trainees can plan lessons with clear and achiev able aims using methods appropriate to the learners' levels of achievement and age. To give trainees basic classroom management skills and the ability to provide relevant activities. To make sure that trainees are able to use and adapt published teaching material and create their own basic teaching material. To highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of various language teaching approaches. To ensure that trainees can continue their development in TOEFL after completing the course.Before you start, the course provider sends you an FEEL reading list and often asks you to complete a work book that provides an introduction to three important areas of the course. One is the unknown language section, the second is a grammar section and the third section is about how to teach. Some courses include lessons in a foreign language so that you understand how the students in your class feel. Through these lessons you can gain the dual perspective of both a teacher and a student and expe rience various teaching techniques.You produce a project based on these lessons near the end of the course. Teaching practice is an essential part of the course so expect real live students to volunteer to take part in your lesson. You also have the opportunity to see various other experienced teachers at work and your tutor gives you continual advice, feedback and support. Courses with a learner profile project give you the opportunity to get to know one FEEL student a bit better and analyses their language skills in depth. For the project, you usually conduct an interview with the student and record it.In addition you set them a written task so that you can write about their strengths and weaknesses and discuss ways in which you would help them through FEEL lessons. You may teach one lesson with the student in which you address one of that student's weak points. A materials project is designed to help you use and adapt basic materials, such as a photograph, in the classroom. You'r e asked to show how to use the same set of materials with students of different levels and abilities. At the end of the course there's often a test on grammar and phonology (pronunciation). 40 Part l: Getting Started in TOEFLSpeak to local schools and colleges about their teacher training programmed. CELT and Trinity Creosotes are the most widely accepted certificates for the private sector check whether your university runs TOEFL courses in the summer. The average cost of the CELT and the Trinity Creosotes is II,OHO. You may need to consider accommodation and travel costs too if no course provider exists where you live. Keeping your distance Distance learning courses never share the same high profile as taught courses because they don't let you experience teaching practice, but they have their own advantages.Many people find it easier to fit the course into their normal lives by studying in this way. You can go at your own pace – and distance courses are a lot cheaper. On th e other hand, you may never meet a student until you're teaching a class yourself and your tutor can only offer feedback on your written work not your actual performance. So distance learning has a few disadvantages too. Many people who already have a suitable teaching qualification, such as a PACE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education), but have no experience in FEEL choose to take a distance course because the certificate itself is not as important for them.The skills to do with presentation, classroom management and lesson planning are transferable, so with this kind of course it's easier for the teacher to choose which areas to spend more time on. Overseas employers appreciate the fact that you've taken the trouble to study and get yourself a certificate, and this tends to carry more weight than the actual certificate itself. This is because the organizations offering distance courses aren't as well known as CELT or Trinity, which provide taught courses. This area of the market has far less quality control than taught courses.However, the College of Teachers is one body which accredits distance TESTS (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) courses as does ACTED, which is specifically for distance courses in TESTS. Courses accredited by these bodies offer a reasonable standard of professionalism and someone to talk to if the course or course provider falls seriously below your expectations. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 41 Most distance certificate courses run along the same lines as taught courses (see information in the preceding ‘Signing up for a certificate course').

Meaning of Fiqh - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1448 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Category Religion Essay Tags: Islam Essay Did you like this example? Taharah: linguistically defines cleanliness and purification from all matters and spiritual cleanliness. Jurisprudentially Taharah means the removal of ritual impurity as well as the impure objects. Two divisions of Tharah: 1. Spiritual Purity: from polytheism. 2. Physical Purity: from ritual and tangible impurities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Meaning of Fiqh" essay for you Create order Wudhu: purification from minor ritual impurity. Istinja: purification from tangible impurities Gusl: purification from major ritual impurity. Tayammum: purification from minor ritual impurity. Hiding: purification from tangible impurities. During following deeds wudhu become compulsory: 1. Touching the Qur’an: Allah says: none touch it except the purified†¦.† (Surah Al waqi, ayah 79) .Shaykhul Islam said that prohibition of touching the Quran when in a state of ritual impurity (major or minor) has been agreed by all four imaams1. 2. While offering Salah: wudhu is compulsory before offering Salah, as Allah states in Quran, O you who have believed ,when you raised to (perform prayer, wash your faces and your forearms to the elbows and wipe over your heads and wash your feet to the ankles†¦..†(Al Maidah, ayah 6) and prophet sallallahu Alai wa sallam said in a hadith that ‘Allah does not accept a prayer without purification†2. 3. Doing Tawaf: Prophet Sallallahu Alai wa sallam always did wudhu prior to tawaf and he stated that tawaf is considered a prayer; the difference is that Allah allowed speaking during tawaf. Six obligatory acts in Wudhu with proof: 1. Washing entire face: includes mouth and nose also. Allah says in the Quran â€Å"wash your faces†¦.. (Al-Maidah, ayah 6) and even prophet sallallahu Alai wa sallam used to do the same. 2. Washing the forearms including the elbows: Prophet Sallallahu Alai wa sallam used to do this way which has been narrated by hadees1.Allaha exalted says in Quran (Al-Maidah, ayah 6). 3. Wiping over the entire head: Prophet sallalhu alai wa sallam advised us to wipe overhead and ears as ears also considered as part of the head, which has been confirmed by compilers of hadith2.Allah says in the Quran â€Å"and wipe over your heads†. 4. Washing the feet including the ankles: Allah mentions in the Quran (Al-Maidah, ayah 6)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..and wash your feet to the ankles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ which is confirmed by hadith by showing how it should be done. 5. Sequence. 6. Succession. A) Eating Camel meat: Some scholars take a proof from an incident in which once Prophet sallallahu alai wa sallam was addressing a gathering and one among many passed a wind, he was too embarrassed to leave the gathering and he, so the messenger sallallahu alai wa sallam in order prevent his embarrassment, instructed in general to everyone that whoever has eaten camel meat should go and do wudhu, so few among the crowd including the person who passed wind went and did wudhu. B) Light sleep: In case where the persons awareness is not effected and if he is conscious enough if that is the situation, light sleep does not invalidate wudhu as indicated by hadith of Prophet sallalahu alai wa sallam used to delay Isha prayer on some times unless the shabees used to doze and then they used to do salah without repeating wudhu4. C) Touching the skin of the opposite sex without lust: According to Imam Malik and Imam Ahmad touching of opposite sex does not invalidate wudhu as Messenger sallallahu ali wa sallam used to move Aisha radia allahu anhas foot in order to make way for sujood during salah.(Al-Bukhari 498). Khuff: Khuffs are leather socks or shoes or their like. It’s made permissible by Allah the most exalted for those doing wudhu to wipe over the khuffs rather than removing it and cleaning below and this has been proved many narrations that Prophet sallahu alai wa sallam used to wipe over the khuffs whenever he used to travel or at his residence and instructed to do similar way. AL –Hassan said regarding confirmation of this that seventy of the shabees confirmed that Prophet Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam used to wipe over the khuffs during wudhu5. Time period of taharah with a khuff: It is instructed for a resident to wear the khuff and wipe above it for a time period of one day and night and for the person who is on journey far enough so that he is eligible to shorten his salah, the legality is three days and nights as per the hadith narrated by Imam Muslim6. It’s been stated that wiping over the bottom of the khuff is not considered as a teaching of prophet sallahu alaihi wa sallam as per the narration of Ali radhiyaallahu anhu who stated â€Å"if the religion where in accordance with the opinion in that case Prophet would have instructed us to wipe the bottom of the khuff, but have seen him doing the upper part of the khuff only â€Å", so this hadith clarifies that the wiping over the upper part of the khuff is the correct way of doing it. If a lady has to unplait her hair when performing janabah gusl: According to a hadith in which ummu salamah radhia allahu anha asked prophet s about this issue, he replied, No ,in fact it will be enough for her to pour three hand full of water on your head and then pour water over herself and she will be purified, which has been narrated by Imam Muslim in his Saheeh.So if a lady pours water on her head three times should suffice her gusl and she need not unplait her hair because of this authentic narration7. Four states in which gusl becomes compulsory: a)Ejaculation: Gusl is mandatory if a male or female ,in a state of conscious provided that pleasure was attained or while sleeping even unless because of some illness or not able Control it then gusl is not compulsory. The major rule in relation to gusl after discharge is based on narration of Abu Saeed al Khudri radia allahu anhu in which Messenger said water is for water (Muslim343) b) Inserting a male penis into female’s vulva: Prophet stated that, when anyone lies between four parts of the female and the circumcised parts touch each other, gusl becomes mandatory for both8. This narration confirms gusl after intimation with or without ejaculate. c)Death; this the third case which mandates gusl except for martyrs, because, Messenger told to a lady when her offspring passed away, wash her three, five or more than that9. d) Menstruation and post natal bleeding: these are the two conditions for females which indicates gusl and its been clearly stated in Quran and confirmed by Prophet, he said to a lady that whenever you have menstruation, stop doing your salah and when you finish your periods have gusl and continue your salah, Allah the most exalted instructed males not to approach their wives whenever they are menstruating unless it stops and they †¦..They have purified themselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Surah Al-Baqarah, ayah 220) which implies gusl after the periods. Gusl for jumuah prayer: As for Muslims gusl on Friday for jumuah has been highly recommended as its considered as one of the way of cleaning ourselves and better way of preparing for the jumuah and this will prevent the distraction of others during salah in the gathering because of each other’s sweat and persipiration,which has been proved by Prophet sallallahu alai wa sallam ,as narrated by Abu Saeed that gusl is wajib on every adult and using toothbrush and applying perfume.(related by Al-Bukhari and Muslim).But it has been never made obligatory ,instead generally recommended which is confirmed by following hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah from Prophet saying that whoever does wudhu perfectly and attends jumuah salah with full concentration .will be forgiven period between Friday to next Friday and additional three days.(Al-Qurtubi).So this hadith confirms that gusl is never obligatory and it’s not considered as legality for the acceptance of the Friday prayer ,in fact wudhu is the obligatory condition which will suffice. Conclusion Prayer is considered as second pillar of our religion and this is the first thing will be questioned on the day of judgment .Purity is considered as main condition for ones salah to become valid and purity from major and minor impurity can be attained by performing wudhu and gusl according to the kind of impurity to make our deeds to be accepted by Allah, the most exalted. Bibliography: Dr.Salih Al-Fawzan, A Summary of Islamic Jurisprudence (Al-Maiman Publishing House, 2005) Dr.Abu Ameenah Bilal Philip, The evolution of Fiqh (International Islamic Publishing House, 2006) https://islamqa.info/en/answers/40329/does-a-woman-have-to-undo-her-hair-when-doing-ghusl-in-the-case-of-janaabah-impurity-following-sexual-activity https://www.islamawareness.net/Ghusl/fiqh_us_sunnah.html 1. Ibn Tayimiyas Majmu ul Fatawa [21/266] 2. Muslim (536) [2/99] 3. At-Tirmidhi (961) [3/293]. 4. Al Majmoo’, 2/14-24, Muslim (376) 5. Al-I’lam Befawawaid ‘Umdat Al-Ahkam [1/615] 6. Muslim (637)[2/167] 7. Majmoo Fataawa al –Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 10/182. 8. Muslim (781) [2/261](783)[3/265],Al-Bukhari(291)[1/512 9. Al-Bukhari (1253), Muslim (939)