Obesity in Western Culture

List of chapters Introduction Education and Obesity Money and Junk Food Obesity and Popular Culture Obesity in Saudi Arabia Conclusion Reference List Introduction Western culture at the present is encountering a scourge of weight where poor people, without precedent for history, are proportionately the most hefty part of the populace. Proof of this can be found in crafted by Cloake (2013) wherein his investigation shows that â€Å"nearly 33% of grown-ups inside the U.S. furthermore, the U.K. are fat with almost 90% of those cases ascribed to people with low incomes† (Cloake, 2013, pp. 24).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Obesity in Western Culture explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The primary issue is that on normal there are â€Å"nearly 300,000 passings per year from stoutness related diseases bringing about billions of dollars spent on medical issues, for example, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension etc† (Cloake, 2013, pp. 24). This is an astounding idea given that abundance body weight and fat is ordinarily associated with the inordinate dietary patterns of the rich. The issue with corpulence among the poor has arrived at a point that universal mainstream society portrayals of Western culture have delineated an unflattering picture of its poor populace as being â€Å"a culture for the beefy beyond belief with silly portrayals regularly indicating a hefty man utilizing a minuscule bike so as to arrange at the closest McDonald’s† (Menifield, Doty Fletcher 2008, pp. 83-88). Tragically, this portrayal of Western individuals is nearer to reality than the vast majority figure it out. Shoddy nourishment is the essential supporter of the corpulence issue due its comfort and pervasiveness which has brought about the current weight issue that Western culture presently faces. Training and Obesity Habits grew at an opportune time in youth have been appeared to convey well into adulthood. Accord ingly, kids who are at present overweight and have no instructive mindfulness with respect to their present medical issues will be in danger for weight as they become more seasoned (Datar Nicosia 2012, pp. 312-337). Long haul studies, for example, those by Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2009) which took a gander at the variables identified with corpulence as youngsters developed into adulthood noticed that â€Å"the instruction of kids and guardians in regards to the utilization of appropriate nourishments (for example no low quality nourishment) contributed significantly to bring down paces of corpulence among those that were progressively mindful. In such cases, it was noticed that the center and high society were more averse to create instances of corpulence when contrasted with the lower class because of the attention to guardians in regards to the issues characteristic in lousy nourishment utilization bringing about them taking care of their kids more advantageous options† (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol 2009, pp. 823-830). What the Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2009) uncovers is that training assumed a significant job in deciding paces of heftiness with mindfulness comparing into a lower probability of lousy nourishment utilization as guardians looked for better and less swelling choices for their children. Among those that have had the chance to learn appropriate dietary patterns through instructive projects and legitimate tutoring, it is regularly the situation that they effectively evade shoddy nourishments and search out more advantageous alternatives with regards to what they eat (Cale Harris 2013, pp. 433-452).Advertising Looking for exposition on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, â€Å"people who don't have a clue about any better, as a rule the uneducated poor, regularly expend lousy nourishment and eat more than what they really need† (Cale Harris 2013, pp. 433). The issue with shoddy nourishment is that because of their comfort and serving size a great many people don't know that on normal they expend in excess of 3,000 calories per day from the different types of low quality nourishment they eat (Devaux et al. 2011, pp. 121-159). A normal grown-up male in the U.S. furthermore, the U.K. ought to devour just 65 grams of fat and 2,500 calories in a solitary day yet a hamburger and French fries combo feast with an enormous coke accessible at the nearby McDonald’s is comparable to in excess of 50 grams of fat and 1500 calories inside a solitary sitting (Cale Harris 2013, pp. 433-452). As clarified by Devaux et al. (2011), this would not be an issue should that be the main enormous dinner that a normal individual would eat for the duration of the day, in any case, â€Å"this feast is enhanced by different chips, soft drinks and different other unfortunate alternatives for the duration of the day which brings the complete carbohydrate le vel to 4,000 calories or more† ((Devaux et al. 2011, pp. 121). With slims down regularly surpassing the day by day dispensed calories required by the body, this outcomes in an enormous extent of the devoured calories to be transformed into fat bringing about an individual become large over an all-encompassing timeframe as they keep on expending more lousy nourishment. Cash and Junk Food Through the investigation of Datar and Nicosia (2012) which analyzed the food decision inclinations of poor people, the white collar class and the privileged, it was seen that the low quality nourishment, as burgers, fries, shakes and other such kinds of food comprised a higher level of every day dinners of the poor when contrasted with the upper and working class. The principle issue lies in the way that the poor frequently must choose the option to eat low quality nourishment, for example, hamburgers and French fries since it is the least expensive and most reasonable decision that they can a cquire (Datar Nicosia 2012, pp. 312-337). Sound food that contains a fitting measure of protein, sugars and nutrients that is set up inside an eatery is frequently very costly and out of the span of the urban poor. Not just that, the planning time and the exertion important to cook vegetables and different nutritious types of food at home builds the intrigue of shoddy nourishment since it comes previously cooked and prepared for utilization (Datar Nicosia 2012, pp. 312-337).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Obesity in Western Culture explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the opposite finish of the range, the center and high society can bear the cost of an increasingly different eating regimen with more advantageous alternatives and less fat bringing about lower paces of stoutness for this specific fragment of the populace (Magid 2011, p. 13). In light of this, it very well may be seen that there is an unmistakable connection between's pay levels and the predominance of stoutness in specific parts of the populace. Stoutness and Popular Culture Studies, for example, those by Wallis (2004) have indicated that corpulence among the poor isn't just brought about by an absence of training and low degrees of money related salary yet in addition by mainstream society impacts through the media. On normal about 10,000 TV advertisements show up inside a given year which center around advancing the results of different eateries and organizations. Kids specifically are focused by extravagant plugs publicizing sweet desserts using cunningly created silly components in the business itself. Wallis (2004) in his examination shows that poor people, more so than the upper and white collar class depend on TV as their essential wellspring of engage. This is identified with the absence of generous degrees of pay for poor people that was referenced before which brings about constrained choices for diversion. Since TV ads are an expansion of mainst ream society it tends to be seen that mainstream society is one of the essential purposes for the weight issue America presently faces because of this support of items that are unfortunate as well as aim individuals to get fat because of their utilization (Wallis 2004, pp. 78-89). The intensity of publicizing ought not be thought little of since it has been indicated that TV advertisements are probably the most ideal approaches to persuade individuals to purchase a specific item (Moodie et al. 2006, pp. 133-138). From this it very well may be seen that the causes behind heftiness isn't only the inexpensive food culture that western culture wind up in yet in addition the activities of different partnerships that advance with wild relinquish their items without mulling over the conceivable consequence on the populace (Obesity in America: What’s driving the pestilence? 2012, p. 5). Stoutness in Saudi Arabia When analyzing the instance of Saudi Arabia there are two one of a kind focal points: the first is that nation has just a couple of cheap food foundations and the way of life of devouring garbage still can't seem to get pervasive, in any case, Saudi Arabia likewise happens to have probably the most noteworthy pace of heftiness on the planet with almost 25% of the populace being hefty (Al-Rethaiaa, Fahmy, Al-Shwaiyat 2010, pp. 39-48). In view of an assessment of crafted by Al-Rethaiaa, Fahmy, Al-Shwaiyat (2010), the fundamental wellspring of corpulence in the nation was connected to its high paces of diabetes which was associated with the notoriety of the utilization of sweet dates, high sugar nourishments just as the general absence of physical exercise a great many people get.Advertising Searching for exposition on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Such an issue, as clarified by Al-Rethaiaa, Fahmy, Al-Shwaiyat (2010), is because of the absence of instruction among everybody with respect to the need of legitimate dietary patterns so as to keep one’s self from getting fat. Taking everything into account, it tends to be expressed that instruction and pay directly affect the probability of an individual getting large. With lower pay levels a people food decisions become restricted which, when joined with low degrees of mindfulness because of an absence of training, drives an individual to settle on unfortunate food decisions throughout everyday life. Joined with the impact of mainstream society through the media, this paper has demonstrated that so as to maintain a strategic distance from become stout it is important to both instruct the poor viewing the nourishments they eat just as give a way to them to settle on more beneficial food decisions. Reference List Al-

Accounting Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Essay Example

Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Example Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Norms were about obscure before World War II, presently they are of import in each bookkeeping work and concern. All things considered talking Accounting is utilized about everyplace from Bankss and transnational association to nearby stores. So associations and tries needed to create measures for fixing monetary explanations where they track the worry or people. Monetary record, pay articulation, hard money stream explanation, held proclamations theories are kinds of financial explanation done in association and concerns. These announcements are done to demo organization disbursals, net ( overall gain ) , net gain and loss of concern, and so on Be that as it may, this article is going to set up the model and the interest for universal measures bookkeeping when contrasted with national rule, it will other than dissect the bookkeeping rules, guidelines and standard. The supporters are the key focuses which will be talked about: Meaning of Accounting Standard Bookkeeping Police Force The interest of Accounting Standards in fixing Fiscal Statements Favorable position and Disadvantage of these Standards The Conceptual Framework Meaning of International Accounting Standards Measures are set of guidelines and processs embraced by course and attempts in fixing and indicating monetary proclamation. Other than known as builds and measures to ensure bookkeeping data is reliable, comprehensible and equivalent. Measures are superbly requests when fixing finicky explanation it gives it irrationality of what guideline to be made relying on the sort of articulation. The International Accounting Standard was made in 1970 by the bookkeeping natural structures which was other than called as monetary portraying measure, since there were no statute that require to be watched consequently, organizations gave Companies Act 1989 to show valid and simply position. This Act had other than expressed that if there was inability to follow with the requests of a bookkeeping measure than it must be clarified in the monetary proclamation in any case a disciplinary procedure will be taken if articulation contained a significant break of the standard which implies some punishment will be made. Bookkeeping Police Force Let s imagine if there were no course guidelines and even watch what will go on, of class there will be tumult and expanded mishaps. Indeed, even a game would nt do detect if there were no guidelines for it, permit s connect this representation to bookkeeping and its measures, if bookkeeping had no arrangement of guidelines there will be danger of extortion, botches, stealer, income upgrade occupations, etc†¦ Requirements of the International Accounting Standards To create in the open contribution for example the less fortunate states that could nt stand to hold their ain arrangement of model To help do monetary judgments Work effectively with national principles setters to pass on national bookkeeping models and International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) to excellent arrangement. To utilize measures to every single monetary history to give a valid and simply position of the financial spot and total compensation and misfortune history To better models of monetary bookkeeping and inclusion to assist clients, plans and listeners or financial data To choose bookkeeping issues by the improvement of rules The focal points and hindrances of International Standards Board Favorable circumstances: Universal concern has figured out how to arraign in the straightforward action of import and fare, since more financial mutualities exist between states now than prior. Other than a planetary capital market has given universal concern preferences in media transmission, electronic transportations and deregulating which empower them to indict in monetary minutess. The worry hebdomad has demonstrated that a universal concern keeping International Standard its one-year developing has been 3.5 % , while the estimation of exchange has become 6.5 % a twelvemonth it has pushed 10 $ billon to 20 $ higher. Normalization between states has made the bookkeeping work a lot simpler and chop down expenses. They chop down or quench confounding contrasts in the techniques used to fix chronicles Gives an of import point to contention and medicines about bookkeeping design They give an obligation to organization to do utilization of the bookkeeping strategies when fixing bookkeeping articulation Impediments: Culture distinction and progress assorted variety which implies the worry ought to be presented or experienced to multicultural experience. Business designs are other than not quite the same as state to state for example Japan subsidizing is finished by obligation while in UK is done through value holder. Religion distinction may other than do some difficulty when articulation is made. Political and monetary issues may other than do significant employment when a contributing is to be finished. A lot of guidelines which makes one technique to be followed when fixing accounts would non be proper Reasonable model They are the board premises which can be trailed by concern attempts by utilizing the bookkeeping build. These builds are other than distinguished by the organizations Act 1985.GAAP the General Accepted Accounting Standard are known as set of models and guidelines that are perceived as a general attendant for financial inclusion or backing. Two natural structures are answerable for building up these measures, Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) and Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . The theoretical model comprises of: Points of monetary inclusion Subjective highlights of bookkeeping data Elementss of monetary articulations, and runing rules ( premises, rules, and confinement ) . Here are probably the greater part of import develops: Reasonability build This develop states that, where exchange appraisals are conceivable, the one chose ought to be the one which gives the most cautious introduction of the worry financial outcome. Expect for outline, that in flushing machine concern, each machine costs 100 R.O however can be sold for 150 R.O. This is the thing that the reasonability develop is going to do an overall gain before the total compensation had been perceived. On the different manus the build of judiciousness is to recognize misfortune each piece in a matter of seconds as it is anticipated. Voyaging Concern build Meanss that a worry will continue runing in to the great beyond and that there is no reason to set the organization into liquidation, which simply implies that the in addition to of the worth ought to non be esteemed at their disintegration esteem. Coordinating build It expresses that a disbursal should mach with net ( overall gain ) , at whatever point it is reasonable and operable to make so. Cost lucifer net incomes net Consistency develop It implies that a similar bookkeeping rules and techniques ought to be utilized from twelvemonth to twelvemonth inside an organization each piece great as Comparability implies that the data ought to be practically identical with bookkeeping data about different undertakings. Plus, important data assists clients with foreseeing future occasions, which aides rectifies prior inputs. Choice Association and tries ought to follow the bookkeeping standard as it is extremely of import since, data are kept sorted out, helps in assurance conceiving, verifiable records of concern are recorded for any future change or check and lessens misrepresentation, theft or any criminal operations that occur inside a worry.

Adventures in Logan Airport

Adventures in Logan Airport The other day, when I stopped in the Admissions Office to annoy a few of its regular denizens (Hi, Nance. You too, Ben.) I was asked why my blog didnt give off quite the same sarcastic vibe that I usually exude in person. Or maybe this was asked by someone else entirely. Meh. Same difference. Anyway, I offer you a tale of suspense and you know, other things: my last ten hours, which shall from here on out be referred to as Adventures in Logan Airport. First of all, my first name is Keri-Lee. At least, that’s what I’ve always thought. Due to what the Florida Department of Transportation calls a processing error and what I chalk up to general incompetence, my driver’s license states otherwise. According to this great, all-powerful piece of plastic, my first name and middle initial are Keri L, rather than the correct Keri-Lee A. Well, that’s all fine and good, Keri, but what does this have to do with anything at all? you may ask. In all honesty, nothing. There is no reason for you to be informed of this. You do, however, need to know about my adventures in Logan Airport during the last three hours, though, and this is absolutely crucial information. Or something. Whatever. So in preparation for a trip to good ol’ South Florida, I checked in and printed out my boarding pass yesterday. Seat 5D. A window. Nice. At least I’ll have a lovely view of the night sky for three and a half hours because THE SUN GOES DOWN HERE BEFORE 5PM EVERY NIGHT WHY WHY WHY, right? I walked across the street to the Kendall/MIT T station around 1:45 and easily made it to Logan. No problem. Took less than half an hour, and I got to talk to Bayo 10 on the way there. Public transportation is god. (Well, maybe not. Humor me here, all right?) My first indication that this would not be your everyday bit of fun in an airport should have been the line for bag check-in trailing along nearly the entirety of Terminal C. see, this line was the kiosk/bag drop for online check-in. No bureaucracy here, just a drop-off and go. But hey, it moved fairly quickly. And it’s two days before Christmas, so it’s excusable, right? Cut to Line #2: Security. So I stood in Line #2 for approximately twenty minutes before the standard Photo ID/boarding pass check, at which point this occurred: TSA employee with a feeble grasp of the English language: Go back check-in! Me: Um, excuse me? TSA employee: ID and boarding pass no match exact! Me: Oh, I see. The name on my driver’s license is incorrect â€" Ive been trying to get that changed for nearly two years. It’s correct on my Social Security card, though, and I know that’s not a photo ID but I have both that card and my license and my green card right here TSA employee, who by now is really starting to irritate me: Change name on boarding pass! I no know Keri L and Keri-Lee same person! Go back check-in! Well, fine . Never mind the fact that I’d waited in line for about an hour already (what, do these people just assume that we civilians all stand around in too-long lines for kicks and giggles?) but what could I do? So back to ticketing I went. This time, I had to go in the longer, less efficient line for counter service. After forty-five minutes of waiting, I finally reached a counter where a kind-looking lady in her fifties easily fixed the problem. I returned to the line for security â€" which was, of course, even longer than before. Forty minutes of that. Let’s hear it one time for waiting. In fact, let’s hear it again. And again. And again. At 4:25, I reached my gate and prepared to sit around until a 5:30 departure. Only to find the passengers for the 3:20 flight before mine still waiting to get on their plane and leave. I checked the departure board. Destination: TPA Departure time: 5:25 P Status: DELAYED UNTIL 6:06 P DELAYED By the way, the shrill, piercing noise of a fire alarm is very, very present. Is this related to MIT? Other than my leaving it for what may shape up to be three very long weeks, no. We do have lives outside of the Institute, you know. ^_^

Family and Human Relationships in The Sound and Fury by...

Family and Human Relationships in The Sound and Fury by William Faulkner William Faulkners The Sound and the Fury is a novel about a family ties and relationships. Within the novel Faulkner examines family and human relationships and reactions. He presents a southern dysfunctional family, which believes that it has been plagued by problems. The basis for character, plot and title comes from an excerpt from Shakespeares Macbeth: Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage†¦show more content†¦This in return makes Benjys opinion of Caddy optimistic. He views her as security and decency. Jason and Caddys relationship is distant; the basis for their relationship is purely business and money. Jason and Caddys relationship is very different then that of her and her other two brothers. Quentin and Caddy are extremely close to one another, sometimes almost intimate. They are very similar to each other, except Quentin is a more tragic character then Caddy. Overall, Caddy and her relationships with her brothers are the focal point of The Sound and the Fury. The three brothers present several controversial opinions concerning their sister, Caddy. With all three of the brothers there are conflicting opinions that are presented within their stories. In the three perspectives of the brothers the final opinions of Caddy are overwhelmingly negative opinions. Faulkner allows each brother to tell his vie ws on life and different occurrences that affect him. Benjy is the first out of the three to do so. Benjys opinions of Caddy differ as time and the novel progress. Benjys sense, or lack there of, of time helps to explore the roots of his opinions of Caddy. His sense of time allows us to compare his opinion of Caddy as a child with his opinion of Caddy at that present moment. Within the family Benjy was viewed as a nuisance and a curse. The only person that would have anything to do with him whole-heartedlyShow MoreRelatedParadoxical Sense of Time in quot;the Sound and the Furyquot;,1290 Words   |  6 PagesIn speaking of stream of consciousness in The Sound and the Fury, one must take into account a few factors. Amongst them, confusion of chronology and dislocated time sequences are the most important. From Faulkners point of view, time, more than anything else, is the ordering principle of social relations that, according to its organic connection with social situation and individual consciousness, creates different levels of consciousness. 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Personal Growth And Happiness Positive Psychology

Growth and Happiness In considering personal growth and happiness we naturally connect with the concept of subjective wellbeing and also the positive psychology movement. Positive psychology, with its foundations influenced by Aristotelian ethics, concentrates on the elements of human behaviour that effect personal and community development. These are referred to as our universal character strengths and include the acts of integrity, forgiveness, kindness and gratitude (Peterson Webb, 2006). Suh’s (2000, p63) metaphor of ‘Self as the hyphen between culture and subjective wellbeing’ is useful to aid our understanding of the construction of self, identity and happiness. Indeed, in exploring how the self interacts with social institutions and the daily lived world, we can begin to understand the meaning of spiritual wellbeing (happiness, life fulfilled) for individuals in different cultural systems. Contextual and cultural factors influence our spirituality and the manifestation of psyc hological wellbeing and so the patterns of expression of psychological wellbeing in various cultural contexts do need further clarification (Keyes 2007). In studying subjective wellbeing, it is also relevant that we distinguish between happiness and life satisfaction. Happiness is considered an affective state that results from our feelings about life. Alternatively, life satisfaction is more cognitive and evaluative about life. Happiness is about feeling good, whereas life satisfactionShow MoreRelatedThe Pursuit Of Understanding Happiness1201 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze the Ideas of Personal Goals and Motivation In the pursuit of understanding happiness, there are two forms of theoretical perspectives called hedonic and eudemonic happiness. Each form of happiness represents the determinant of an individuals’ well-being. 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High Prevalence Of Hiv Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

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Interview Report for Revue Interventions Economiques-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInterview Report for Revue Interventions Economiques. Answer: Introduction: Being new and inexperienced in the professional sector, that operates across the globe, I decided to develop my knowledge and enhance my awareness regarding the ways and common norms of working on an international platform. Hence, I conducted an interview, the findings f which have been detailed in the report. The Facts: The interview took place for one and a half hour with Liam Wilson, the Human Resource Manager of Scotiabank, on 30th September, 2017. Wilson is an experienced employee of Scotiabank, serving the organization since the last 14 years. Currently, working as a Human Resource Manager, with the organization, Wilson has been staying in India, serving the Indian clients of the bank. Wilson has been chosen for the interview as he has been an expatriate employee for the last 5 years, and was expected to enlighten me about international job prospects, by offering a comparative view of the nature and style of business operation in India and Canada. The following report will provide the comparative analysis of the ways of managing business in the two different countries, a thorough analysis of the opposed cultural norms of the two nations, and final reflection about what did I learn from the interview session. Comparison and Contrast of Two Countries: While India and Canada both offer huge prospects to conduct business, the cultures of the two countries as well as the business approach is diametrically opposite to each other. First of all, it is important to take a look at the human resource management of the two nations. Although Scotiabank as an international organization operating across the globe, has its own stringent HR policies, the implementation of the same totally depends on the location of its business operation. From his 10 years of experience in Canada, Wilson claimed that the Ministry of Labour at Canada pro-actively manages and heavily influences the HR strategies of the company (Rapp Coiquaud, 2017). The Ministry of Labour is known for enforcing as well as promoting awareness amongst the employees as well as the management authority of the organizations regarding the minimum wage level or maximum working hours. In case of the violation of the employment standards, an employee can always approach the Employment Sta ndards Officer and file a claim with the Ministry of Canada which in turn can sue the company for violation of the governmental regulations. However, in India, despite the presence of a strong regulatory framework ensuring labour standards, the government does not intervene much with the employment condition or standards as followed in the private sector organizations. However, it does strictly prohibit and penalizes any case that involves bonded or child labour. Next, the Part II of the Labour Code of Canada clearly states the importance of investigating employee complaints about workplace conditions and accidents and injuries at workplace, and report the same to the Health and Safety Ministry of Canada (Muffels, 2014). However, in India there is a striking absence of any comprehensive law protecting the occupational health of the workers. In case of any workplace injury, the company can evade the duty of paying compensations unless the employee is partially or completely disabled. There is no compensation for workplace injuries. Owing to the high rate of individualism in Canada, the Canadian consumers seeking customer service are far more formal and professional in their conversation and day-to-day dealings. They prefer to cut the conversation short and prefer to choose service independently. As per the interview findings, Indian customers possess a more collective spirit, and they dislike the overtly professional tone, which again is likely to be interpreted to be rude. They prefer a more cooperative help desk service that can help them in choosing the products or service. Besides, a limited number of consumers lack acquaintance in English language, and hence knowledge of at least one local language is desirable, just as in Canada, knowledge of the French language is required. As far as business ethics is concerned, the interview suggests that in India the growth of an intense interpersonal relation is the building block of successful business opportunity in future. Gift giving does not necessarily imply that the business partners are trying to get the business deal, but can also be suggestive of affection and intimate bond (Ferraro Briody, 2017). However, as opposed to this, Canadian businessmen are more professional in gift-giving occasions, and will only gift once a deal is closed, and not when it is yet to be approved. The Indian judicial system is not as pro-active as its Canadian counterpart, and hence gifts, gratuity and briber are frequently used in order to gain favourable judgments. The protection of organizations operating in India from crime is questionable. One major difference between the Canadian and Indian market of the same industry, is the degree of political intervention and organizational autonomy allowed to the business entities. Wilsons responses clearly suggested that in India, there is too much political intervention and governmental regulation, that is providing a potential threat to the global banking industry. On the other hand, the complete absence of governmental interference in the Canadian market makes it difficult for the banking sector to ensure higher profitability. For example, a striking imbalance in demand and supply of residential properties in Canada, has led to the rapid increase in the house market and hence the Canadian banks including Scotiabank is pleading for government intervention. The banking industry is an essential contributor to its economic growth, the countrys present GDP is $1.82 trillion, that is sure to affect the lending rate of the customers in a positive way (Hassan Nassar, 2017). On the other hand, the Indian market is experiencing a slow and steady GDP growth, with its current GDP being $6,616, which is much lesser than that of Canada (Breman, 2016). The average inflation rate of both the countries is more or less same, with India being at 1.97% and Canada being at 1.15% (Breman, 2016). The interest rate in India is high both on loans as well as savings, unlike the Canadian sector which offers a remarkably low rate of interest on savings that barely provide sufficient return on company investments. Reflection: This interview session has been very enlightening for me, as it has helped me gain valuable insights into the professional culture of India, a foreign country, as well as its external market environment that can influence the growth of business in a foreign nation. Although the interview was an informative one, I would still like to discuss a few questions that I have, regarding the new country. What is Indias take on work-life balance and does the Indian government ask its companies to invest sufficiently in work-life initiatives? What is the scope of settling down in India, and are the educational and health institutions good enough like its Canadian counterpart? How far the Indian values are are culturally opposed to that of Canada? What is the cost of living in India, and is it too high as compared to Canada? Is seeing a job in India is worthwhile considering the heavy investment involved? Through the interaction with Wilson and the extended interview session, I have been able to develop my knowledge and enhance my awareness of getting professionally engaged in a foreign business environment. The interview revealed various facts which were no new to me at all, such as the multilingualism in India, and yet there were some new areas the discovery of which surprised me beyond words. I was surprised to know about the absence of a strong regulatory framework in Indian government protecting the health, safety and occupational well-being of the employees. Besides, I was equally astonished to discover that bribery and gift-giving are commonly practiced in India, making me realize that conducting business in a corrupt business environment can be too challenging. I have earlier learnt about Hofstedes cultural dimensions, and hence the difference in approach between the Indian and Canadian customers did not surprise me. Earlier, I also developed my acquaintance with PESTEL that h elped me understand that the external business environment, in the form of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors can also affect the business operation of an organization. The interview helped me understand how the difference in GDP and interest rates between the two countries or the form of government intervention affects the same organization in two different ways. Reference List: Bisom-Rapp, S., Coiquaud, U. (2017). The Role of the State towards the Grey Zone of Employment: Eyes on Canada and the United States.Revue Interventions conomiques. Papers in Political Economy, (58). Breman, J. (2016). At Work in the Informal Economy of India: A Perspective from the Bottom Up (OIP).OUP Catalogue. Ferraro, G. P., Briody, E. K. (2017).The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis. Hassan, M., Nassar, R. (2017). Empirical investigation of the Effect Of Nafta On The Economy In Canada.Global Journal Of Accounting And Finance,1(1), 1. Muffels, R. J. (Ed.). (2014).Flexibility and employment security in Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing.

The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) Essay Example

The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) Paper The gangster genre of film has been on of the few genres which has evolved over time whilst still remaining close to the basic formula of each film. One of the firsts to mark the start of the gangster/crime genre was D. W. Griffiths The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912). The earlier films were set in the silent era if film. Meaning the narrative would often be crude and lack depth, due to the lack of any true dialogue. It wasnt until the 1927 film that the first modern gangster film was created, in the form of Josef von Sternbergs melodrama Underworld. It held many of the standard conventions and filmed from the gangsters point of view, a first for the genre. When the 1930s and the emergence of sound being used in the film dawned. So did the use of real-life crime bosses being used in the narrative for the crime/gangster drama. Many films were made about Al Capone. The films also because more appealing to the audience, as the added excitement of screeching tyres and gun shots. As the 30s continued, a wave of gangster films was released, each using the same narrative formula each time. Usually involving a gangster or bootlegger cast in an ant-hero role, however, towards the end of the film, he would meet his demise. One of the main formulas on the gangster genre was its mise en scene. The lighting was always dark. The costumes and props were also set to a specific formula, gangsters wore nice suits (usually black) and carried Tommy Guns. Police officers wore their uniforms and carried batons and private detectives always wore a brown trenchcoat and hat. In the early 1930s, the Hays Production Code brought the curtain down on the days of glorifying the main role of gangsters as hero. We will write a custom essay sample on The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The code brought us new gangster films, portraying the police or private detectives on the right side of the law as the Good Guys. Most of the films carried a moral of Crime doesnt pay. This quietened the uproar from the audience as the narrative gave the audience a hero that they could truly get behind. Gangster films kept to the same kind of formula which were tried and tested, until 1972. Im gonna make him an offer he cant refuse. Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather (1972) reinvented the genre. Based on the book, written by Mario Puzo, of the same name, the film was about the Corleone family. A Sicilian family who settled into New York, whos crime syndicate made them as powerful as the Government and Big Business. One thing thats strikes with The Godfather is the non-diegetic soundtrack. It has one of the most recognisable theme tunes in a film. However, every piece of music is parallel. This may add to the soundtrack in one way, yet the lack of contrapuntal may be a detriment in another. This could be due to Francis Ford Coppola wanting to play it safe, and to not tamper with the atmosphere the music creates. The Godfather also had many selling points to the audience. The most obvious being its cast, featuring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan and Diane Keaton. However, one can look towards the book aswell to draw in an audience. The narrative structure remained focused on a single story throughout the course of the film. This is rare for a film with such a long approximate running time (Nearly 3 hours). This have been detrimental to the appeal of the film, as people may find it hard to sit through a single story for 3 hours The language in the film is also very important to the film. One thing the audience might notice is the lack of the words Mafia and Cosa Nostra. These being replaced with a euphemism of The Family (Or La Famiglia). This is quite the Juxta position, as such euphemisms are used; yet there are brutal murders which take place throughout the course of the film. There is also the use of both Italian and English. This could be interpreted as Coppola and Puzo trying to make them film as authentic as possible. People who are of different ethnicity still speak their mother tongue, even though they have immigrated to another country. The costume used in the film continues on with the gangster formula, with the Corleone males in expensive suits, the women in expensive clothing too. This is a shift from the moral of Crime doesnt pay which was placed on the genre some 40 years earlier. The opening shot of the film is a close up a face of a man in the Dons dark hone office; this opens up with intrigue, as the audience doesnt know who this man is. Most of the camera angles used in the film are used to make Don Vito Corleone look as powerful as possible, usually a high angle mid shot, to make him superior. There are also scenes where he has a light shining from above him, to make him look God like, despite his actions being more of reminiscent the devil. The Godfather laid the template for future films of the genre, while still following. It continues the representation of Italian-Americans being very family-orientated, complimented with a fiery temper. This is a double-edged stereotype, as it is positive that Italians are very close knit families, yet negative because of the short fuse. Say ello to mah lil friend Scarface (1983) was loosely based on Al Capone, however, the lead role was that of Cuban immigrant Tony Montana (Played by Godfather star Al Pacino). Scarface has a different selling point to The Godfather, which is that it is loosely based on Al Capone. However, the use of Al Pacino, who was in The Godfather can also be its selling point. One major difference between Scarface and The Godfather is its non-diegetic soundtrack. There is one scene in the film which is reminiscent of a Rocky movie. There was a montage where Montana and his associates were committing many illegal activities, however, the music used was contrapuntal, and it had a very positive sound to it. The language used was modern, with lots of expletives, showing that the gangsters are now starting to lose their class. Gangsters used to be like upper class businessmen, however, now the audience were starting to see gangsters as lower class people, who just happen to have money. The costume was a slight variation on the classic gangster attire. They were still wearing suits, however, the style is modern. One also notices the style of suit change as the film progresses, especially on Tony Montana. When he first enters Floridas crime world, he was wearing a cheap, pea-green polyester suit. However, towards the end of the film, his style becomes more and more expensive. Compare this to The Godfather, almost everyone is in a black suit, this could be due to Coppola wanting the audience to view the Corleone family as the Bad Guys and Brian LaPalma wanting the audience to root for Tony Montana. One of the first props the audience will take notice of is the Chainsaw which is used to kill Tonys friend Angel. This showed that the genre was getting more brutal and there was blood in abundance. This again can be referred back to The Godfather, as Tony cared for his friends and family, which is a positive social trait, however, this is sandwiched between the brutality and criminal activities. Scarface borrowed a lot of its Mise en Scene from The Godfather, despite being made some eleven years later. The audience was still seeing big guns, luxury cars, suits and money. The camera angles were made to look Tony Montana look very powerful, with lots of close ups and high angle mid shows and back lighting. The film also kept with a single narrative structure. Look, can everyone stop getting shot? Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) did something most films have tried, but havent really succeeded in. Making working class people look like gangsters. Gangsters were becoming working class heroes. The narrative has multiple stories, the first being the card game which has put the four central characters into  £500,000 worth of debt, and the second being the shifting of marijuana between two different gangs who have never even met before. The camera angles used were very different; there werent as many close-ups as there wasnt really one single central character. That being said, the first shot is an extreme close up of Eddy and other unnamed men (who later turn out to be policemen). One camera shot that is used to good effect is the slow motion shot. It makes an action-packed shot seem more realistic, as it is thought that when something like getting shot at happens, everything seems to happen in slow motion. The diegetic sound in these scenes are also muffled. There was also a lack of any direct brutality. The Godfather and Scarface show killings in great detail, however, when someone got shot in Lock, Stock, we dont actually see it happening. The musical score was also very different from the norm when it comes to the Gangster genre. The use of bands such as Ocean Colour Scene made the soundtrack more appealing to the audience, as opposed to constant parallel soundtrack. The costume made reference to the films pred ecessors; however, it was given a more casual look. Suits were not always the clothing of choice. Many characters opting for jeans and a shirt. However, the use of leather jackets and trench coats by almost all characters made it a new norm in the genre. The film had a selling point of Sting and Vinnie Jones starring in the film. Mustard? I dont care if hes Mohammed Im-Hard Bruce Lee Snatch (2000) continued where Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels left off. Using many of the same values used, the multi tier narrative and the semi-open endings. Both Lock Stock and Snatch had relatively open endings, with Tom straddling the bridge at the end of Lock, Stock and with someone coming over from America to buy the diamond in Snatch. The genre of the gangster has evolved greatly since its primitive early beginnings and has been somewhat cyclical. In the beginning, the gangsters were glorified, then vilified, now we seem to be living in an era where gangsters are glorified once again. We have also seen a shift from an Italian-American dominated genre to a more global genre, with some of the more successful films taking place in London. The films have also become shorter, with The Godfather and Scarface being longer films with a single narrative structure with a definite ending. To shorter, multiple narrative films where things are constantly changing.

Google Corporation Challenges in China

Google Corporation Challenges in China The case study of china involving a powerful Google corporation is an interesting social responsibility considering their business mission declaration â€Å"Don’t Be Evil†. The biggest challenge Google has to face is the fact that china offers an enormous profitable market considering its populace. There has to be a dilemma regarding marketing and the legal, cultural or ethical challenges that may be involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Google Corporation Challenges in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culturally the case has set up a stepping-stone for the human rights activists who seem gagged by the government’s rules and regulations. The government reminds all the companies especially those involved with the transfer of information to the outside world to ensure strict abidance with its rules. The state’s control of the cyber space may have been involved with the threats plac ed by Google forcing them to consider pulling out of its services. According to Google, sophisticated and targeted cyber attacks seem to originate from the Chinese government in their aim to preview emails of human rights activists as a security measure. The aim of the Chinese government is to try to filter some internet contents to maintain a strong grip on power. The attack also hits other companies such as Yahoo and Adobe. The ethical challenge Google has to face entails its decisions during the 2006 search engine launch regarding business undertakings in china, where it agreed the government pronouncement to censor the search engine â€Å"Google.cn†. Arguably, Google played a role in enhancing conditions for the attack by giving in to the rule that encourage bullying of human rights by the government. According to the users in china, by leaving China, Google leaves its clients in a sober mood but equally, it is more painful to learn that it went against its principle of à ¢â‚¬Å"Don’t Be Evil† when it agreed to venture into China on condition of accepting censorship in 2006. The Google top executives (co-founders) Larry Page and Sergey Bin face an uphill task over deciding the way forward. They have to analyse the possibility of bleaching their terms of trade with the Chinese government, which can as well result to legal charges. If their break on the contract concerning the agreement for the government to monitor content causes internal security risks, then legal settlement regarding the matter might be inevitable. The legal risk involves braking China’s sophisticated network used to monitor and limit information through the fight for human rights of expression. (U.S. Department of State, 2010)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the saying goes, one’s man meat is another’s poison†. The agony G oogle managers’ faces in today’s global market has triggered their rival’s â€Å"Baidu† speculation of the move as a hypocritical and financially driven. According to the market research companies, financially they dismiss the move claiming Google’s failure to capture the market with an estimate of 15-30 percent of the users compared to the rival’s 70 percent. Arguably, Google may be aiming at a long-term strategy, where their opportunity lost will be the short-term revenue loss in China and the opportunity cost would be better and higher market penetration than the current situation. They would not wish to lose client’s trust totally, because the future endeavours to dominate the search and mail services. Their move therefore entails gaining people’s trust regarding mails, calls, storage of documents, pictures and other files as well as the web search services. The financial disaster can only be catalysed by lose of trust and not the short-term back off to strategize. A well-calculated move is the ultimate benefit. Considering the public snub of the Chinese authorities, Google risks other key U.S. companies and the government partnership in other business involvements in China. China is a potential exporter of a wide range of manufactured good for the U.S. consumers. References U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, â€Å"Background Note: China,† Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-china/

Reflective Practice in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Practice in Nursing - Essay Example It will make use of Schon’s reflection model. Schon’s theory outlines two different types of reflection that occur at different time phases: reflection on action (Schon 1983) and reflection in action (Schon 1983). ‘Reflection in action’ is often referred to the colloquial phrase as ‘thinking on your feet’ a term used to being able to assess ourselves within a situation, making appropriate changes and still keeping a steady flow in the process. Reflection on action is when reflection occurs after the event. This is where the practitioner makes a deliberate and conscious attempt to act and reflect upon a situation and how it should be handled in the future (Loughran 1996). Nursing practitioners deal with various kinds of people every day, hence they should develop effective communication skills. Timmins (2011) contends that nursing competencies should include knowledge of building â€Å"therapeutic partnerships with their patients and colleagues through safe, effective and non-discriminatory communication, taking account of individual differences, capabilities and needs† (p. 31). This means that they should be resourceful enough in conveying their messages through verbal, non-verbal and written forms to be understood and also also understand people’s needs better. Being adept in active listening and empathic skills as well as reading and expressing non-verbal communication promote the safety and well-being of patients and is most likely to achieve the best outcomes.

A Woman Saving the Nation, from the series The Taiheiki Chronicle Essay

A Woman Saving the Nation, from the series The Taiheiki Chronicle - Essay Example That is to mean that the ideas expressed using the art was meant to discuss the culture and political, social, and religious setting of the country. 1 The Japanese customary craftsmanship is very rich as accessible in a few separate structures. A few different mediums of the declaration have been utilized by Japanese specialists to express their thoughts. The Japanese cultural art includes the beautiful artworks, stoneware, the Japanese Sculptures and the most unmistakable structure that include the plan of blooms. That refers to Ikebana and obviously Origami, the work of art identified with collapsing paper. As a result, the art used different forms to express these ideas. 2Some of the most commonly used forms include the use of paintings. A Japanese artist did the piece of work, by the name Yoshitoshi Tsukioka, who lived between 1839 and 1892. The art is believed to have been designed and produced in 1886, and it is available in the form of a woodblock print. The Collection Phoenix Art Museum contains several pieces of these paintings. It is Gift of Susan Julia Ross and Dr. Gary L. Waddington under the order number 2011.118.A. As such; one can access the art using these details. 3 In the extravagant inside of collapsing screens and veneer furniture, the Shogun (military ruler) Tsunayoshi is sleeping soundly. He is longing for his most loved mistress, Oyanagi no Okada who is demonstrated superimposed over the scene and filling the right board. Behind him on the left board his wife Osame holds a knife. The Shogun is ignorant that his courtesans father Yanagisawa, the Lord of Dewa, has been plotting to topple him. His wife has found the scheme and is bravely waiting to murder the courtesans father and after that execute herself, keeping in mind the end goal to spare the country and her spouse.4 The piece of art illustrates the role of women in the fight for freedom, justice, equity, growth, and development in the Japanese culture. It also shows

Organization Culture In Multinational Companies Management Essay

Organization Culture In Multinational Companies Management Essay Multinational companies are facing more challenges when they try to develop a cohesive organizational culture than domestic companies. In this study, several cases experienced from real life examples will be presented. They will be discussed with theoretical framework which allows reader to understand each situation through comparative analysis. The theory of Cultural Management, Cross Cultural Communication Negotiation, Leadership, Motivating people is selected for cross referencing in accordance to the topic of the study. The study focus on two main parts; Part 1: Describe the challenges faced by MNCs on developing a global management, moving forward to identify the key challenges; Part 2: Focus on managing people across borders and cultures implementing Cultural Management concepts and theories (Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions 1980), leadership Motivating theories. The intention of this part is to give a critically discussion on real business situations while being aware of the application of these selected theories. The findings of useful methods for global leaders developing organizational culture will be explained in the conclusion. I will give my personal reflections on how the application of these theories will benefit leaders working in the similar situations in the international business. Part 1 Challenges on developing a global management Organizations are always facing challenges when they are doing business globally. These challenges include the assessment of the environment, managing social responsibility and ethics, communication negotiation across cultures, etc. In the following paragraphs, I will give journal articles related to a real life example that has faced several critical challenges when developing a global management. On 5th March 2012, China Labour bulletin reported a string of press release that there are a total of 27 logged reports of strike and protest from workers across China with the majority group of workers from the industrial/manufacturing and transport sector. The strikes and protests are mainly concerned on low wages, reduction of annual bonus, unreasonable employee layoff, management takeovers and relocations. A related such case is workers at Putzmeister Machinery in Shanghai stages a strike over the unsatisfactory compensation package being offered after the company takeover by SANY Group. Putzmeister Machinery being one of the largest German Manufacturer of concrete pumps has been acquired by Sany Group (one of the largest manufacturer of heavy machinery in China). Workers who are benefitting from the existing European management system and packages cannot accept the sudden implementation changes adapted from the Chinese company. It is believed that SANY has amended the package not in favour to the workers. After acquisition took place, employees who are not from SANY Group are affected by several changed factors both internal and external of the SANYs company policy. The culture which forms the organizational environment requires managers improve their cross-border learning capabilities. Managers from parent-country nationals or host-country nationals cannot ignore local employees needs. Successful leader manager advocate to earn peoples loyalty and trust by learning their different cultures, they also try to help employees to understand what their future and opportunities may have in place. Besides, exercising effective Change Management is necessary for leaders to understand the culture changes. This is because culture does not simply mean understanding who talks with whom, about what, and how the communication proceeds, it means how people encode messages, the meanings they have for messages, and the conditions and circumstances under which various messages may or may not be sent, noticed or interpreted. (Samovar and Porter, 1997) In this regards, the needs to understand the cultural variables are also necessary for Managers of SANY Group to enquire the skill to avoid miscommunication. According to the study from Cameron and Green (2004), the role of a leader in acquisitions is providing situations to the individuals in organization as follows  [1]  : 1. Ensure that the team knows that a change will happen and things will not be the same way they used to. 2. Ensure that the people understand the things that will change, what will stay the same and when will all this happen. 3. Encourage people try to do things in a new way and provide the right environment. Part 2 Managing and motivating people across cultures People from the same culture usually share a common general understanding of right and wrong, acceptable behavior and inappropriate behavior. In multinational companies, staffs are from a variety of national cultures, they have variety cultural backgrounds, this requires managers who are operating in global interdependent market operating in a series of hugely diverse landscapes (Tom Keen, Jim: Leadership Landscapes, palgrave, 2007). Serious misunderstandings may happen when managers cannot understand staffs real needs, values and self-actualization. Managing and motivating people across culture are not only a challenge to large companies but also something applicable to small-scale companies while multinational people are collected together. A reference of a real life example of China Wealth Middle East Machinery which is doing heavy machinery leasing business located in Dubai. China Wealth Machinery Co Ltd is a subsidiary of SANY Group which was founded in 1999. The main core of business is leasing heavy equipment to civil and building contractors. Based in Hong Kong, China Wealth set up a subsidiary branch in Dubai on 2008, which is China Wealth Middle East Machinery (L.L.C) . In China Wealth Middle East Machinery, there are workers from four different countries, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan. These workers are employed in various operating position like operators, maintenance engineers, foreman and P.R.O. The company has faced challenge in managing, motivating people from different culture. In a general perspective, there is a similar culture with very few differences among the employees from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan. However, the difference can be substantial when they are compared with the Chinese culture. Hofstedes study gives comparison between Chinese and Bangladeshi cultures, the results are illustrated as follows, Key PDI: Power Distance IDV: Individualism vs. Collectivism MAS: Masculinity vs. Femininity UAI: Uncertainty Avoidance LTO: Long term orientation LOT LTO: Long term/Short term orientation Figure Comparing China and Bangladesh The chart in Figure 1 shows the comparison of PDI, IDV, MAS, UAI between Chinese and Bangladeshi culture. There is significant similarity between the two cultures in PDI, IDV and MAS where PDI and IDV are exactly the same. In contrast, the great differences between the two cultures come at UAI and LTO. There is distinctive evidence in the relationship among Chinese and Bangladeshi. They have both displayed high power distance in their workplace. Chinese have given more respect for the elderly; it is believed their behavior assembled from the Chinese Confucianism when taught in the younger days during their upbringing. Whereas, even the junior will to embrace with outstanding achievement, they are not able to gain the same respect as the elders. In China Wealth company, all the Bangladeshi operators are younger than the Chinese operators, therefore, they will only take the role as helpers at the beginning even the Bangladeshi has accumulated enough or already have experience. In addition, the Chinese will always command a longer term orientation and a better salary package which is almost double when they are both put on the same position. It can be seen as unfair but is widely accepted in the company. Furthermore, Bangladeshi workers show their high uncertainty avoidance which can be explained that they do not mind the status and acceptance of lower responsibility in exchange for a secured salary. They are easily contented people who do not desire a long term orientation. They can generally accept Salary which is sufficient to cover the basis expenses and support the family back home. On the contrary, Chinese workers need high salary and seek for long term orientation which allow them to spend freely and opportunity for promotion in future. They are risk taker and are ready for any unforeseen event that may or may not occur, they can also take challenges at work. Thus, managers who work as multicultural role on motivation and management blend in different ways. They must consider the entire national and cultural context on a situation-by-situation basis, settle reward system not only rely on money but also search for their interest and satisfaction, means of keeping occupied, status and prestige. It is difficult to judge which type of workers behavior in China Wealth company is right or wrong. Managers should make different job motivation between Bangladeshi workers and Chinese workers according to their different cultures. Part 3 Conclusions In globalization competitive environment, leaders can be expatriates. They need to have multiple competencies to deal with challenges like cross border transaction. I think it is important for them to create new culture initiatives by allowing employees to extent their thinking and actions. Creativity can be one of the useful methods when dealing with multiple challenges. Creativity means doing things from a different way, leaders must learn different culture from people outside the system. Leaders should consider the cultural differences when creating a new culture for the merger or acquisition.( Kuada, 2008), they can enable reward systems, planning and performance management, motivating systems working together to support the objective and preferred behaviour. The leaders job comprises cultural adaptability, leadership experience and technical knowledge, level of authority and autonomy etc. No single leadership style works well in all situations.( Helen Deresky, 2012) Global leaders should broaden their horizons strategically and cross-culturally. Besides, leaders should also try to develop a flexible model what can adapt to local situations then apply around the world.

Evolution of thoughts in Scientific Management Essay

At the first stage where groups of people were insignificant, management in all spheres was carried out by one person – the leader of this group. Further, in process of group growth and complication of functions carried out by them, the necessity of labour division and group differentiation has appeared. But it couldn’t happen at once, it required centuries. The Egyptian pyramids build in 3000 – 2000 B.C. are a good example not only ancient Egyptian’s culture, but also their administrative art. Construction of huge pyramids demanded, first of all, precise planning. While the practice of management can be traced back to 3000 B.C., it was not given serious attention until 1800 when large organisations emerged. Industrial revolution has given a push to development of theoretical researches and management practices. However, till an epoch of capitalism function of management was carried out by the owner himself and a small group of the persons approached to him. The role of the specially trained managers developed during an epoch of monocapitalism. Having been faced with a competition, changeable environment, managers developed knowledge system of how it is better to use resources. During all history of management development we distinguish two approaches: classical and modern. Classical approach allows to allocate four patterns of management thought: 1898 Scientific management 1916 Administrative management 1920 Bureaucracy 1927 Human relations SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Occurrence of scientific management takes place at the beginning of 20th century and is connected to F.W.Taylor’s name, Henri L.Gantt, Frank and Lilian Gilbreth. Scientific management focuses on worker and machine relationship. Organisational productivity can be increased by increasing the efficiency of production process. In 1911, Frederick Taylor, known as the Father of scientific management, published Principles of Scientific Management in which he proposed to design  work methods to increase productivity. One of his famous experiments was performed at Bethlehem Steel Company in Pittsburgh. He examined the time and movements, developed a better method for performing that job and trained the worker. In addition, Taylor offered a piece rate that increased as workers produced more. Taylor’s studies were followed by Gibreths, a husband and a wife, who also helped to find more efficient ways for workers to produce output. Frank Gilbreth made his contribution in the field of brick lying by changing an 18 step process into 5 step that led to increased productivity by about 200 percent. The Gibreths believed that were was one best way to perform an operation. However this â€Å"one best way† could be replaced when a better way was introduced. Other representative of Scientific Management was Henri Gantt. He developed a Gantt chart, which is used for scheduling multiple task over a time period. He developed a pay system with a guaranteed minimum wage and bonus systems for people on fixed wages and brought in a significant contribution to the leadership theory development. ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT Unlike Scientific Management which focused its attention on productivity, Administrative Management have engaged in development of management in the organisation as a whole and was concerned about administrative part of the organisation. The ancestor of this school was Henri Fayol. He worked as a mining engineer and came to realise that managing an enterprise required a lots of skills apart from technical ones. Henri Fayol was the first to identify the four management functions: Planning Organising Leading Controlling He also developed guidelines for managers to follow. These guidelines form fourteen principles for effective management. Other contributor to Administrative Management was Mary Parker Follet. She pointed out that all managers want flexibility, and she also distinguished between the motivation of individuals and groups. BUREAUCRACY Max Weber, known as a father of Modern Sociology, concentrated on how to structure an organisation for success. Weber outlined key elements of an ideal form of structure, which he believed would develop efficiency and called it bureaucracy. The bureaucratic structure had a number of important advantages for large organisations. The division of labour increased efficiently due to the continued repetition of the task. Hierarchy allowed developing a chain of command. Format selection meant that employees were hired on knowledge and experience and no other criteria would be used. Career orientation ensured that career professionals would give the organisation a degree of continuity in operations. Rules and procedures controlled employee performance. The impersonality of the organisation ensured that rules were applied across the board without personality or other influence getting in the way. HUMAN RELATIONS During the 1920s, an emphasis on the human side of the workplace began to influence management thinking. They started to realise that people are social and self-actualising. People at work are seemed to seek satisfying social relationships, respond to group pressures, and search for personal fulfilment. The human relations movement began with the Hawthorne Studies that were conducted at the Western Electric Company in Cicero 1924 -1933. The intention of these studies was to determine the effect of working conditions on productivity. The illumination experiments tried to determine whether better lighting would lead to increased productivity. Both the control group and the experimental group of female employees produced more whether the lights were turned up or down. It was discovered that this increased productivity was a result of the attention received by the group. In the relay assembly group experiments, six female employees worked in a special, separate area. They were given breaks and had the freedom to talk and were continuously observed by a researcher who served as the supervisor. Once again researches failed to find any direct relationship between changes in physical working conditions and output. Productivity increased regardless of the changes made. Two factors were set up as having special importance. One was the group atmosphere; the workers shared pleasant social relations with one another and wanted to do a good job. The other was more participative supervision. The workers were made to feel important, were given a lot of information, and were frequently asked for their opinions. It was not the case in their regular jobs. The final Hawthorne Study was conducted in the bank wiring room and centred on the role of the work group. A surprise finding here was that people would restrict their output in order to avoid the displeasure of the group. It was recognised that group can have strong negative, as well as positive influences on individual productivity. Two writers who helped advance the human relation movement were Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor. In 1943, Maslow advanced a theory suggesting that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Which are physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation needs. People try to satisfy the five needs in sequence. They progress step by step from the lowest up to the highest. Meanwhile Douglas McGregor represents Theory X and Theory Y. According to McGregor, managers holding Theory X believe that those who work for them generally dislike work, lack ambitions, are irresponsible and prefer to be led rather than to lead. While in the Theory Y managers believe that people willing to work are capable of self-control, are willing to accept responsibility, are imaginative and creative. CONCLUSIONS Scientific Management Analysis of the past allows a better understanding of the present to predict the future Scientific Management improved people’s productivity at work by reducing number of motions choosing one best way to perform the task. However, Scientific Management was not without its critics. Taylor assumed that people were motivated only by money and ignored social and psychological factors. Also, Scientific Management techniques often resulted in lay-offs and it led to job losses. Relationship between the organisation and environment wasn’t taken to attention. Despite these criticisms, we use some of scientific techniques nowadays. For instance, on factory that produces mobile phones, the whole production mechanism is broken down to small tasks. The workers are guided by carefully calculated standards. They know how many details they should approximately produce per hour. Each movement is chosen carefully in order to reduce excess motions. I have been working in a hotel industry for three years. The scientific management techniques have been used in my department as well. To make checking in and out more efficient everyone had his or her own best way of performing the task. Administrative Management. Nowadays Faylol’s five main functions gained widespread recognition. Let’s take a hotel, for instance. Managers have to make plans for the future, organise short-term plans, co-ordinate recourses and finances, and control plans get their goals. In the Royal Bayswater Hotel, where I worked, manager’s aim was to get a â€Å"Service Excellence Award.† They planed to increase service by: training the staff; paying more attention to internal customers because â€Å"happy staff is happy customers† and by trying to exceed customer’s expectations. During all this process managers were controlling if everything was following the plans. And as a result to everybody’s effort the hotel has been awarded with â€Å"Best Excellence Service Award† Bureaucracy While the term Bureaucracy has a negative meaning some of its elements are still relevant. In the earlier mentioned hotel, for example, staff is selected and promoted on ability to perform the task. Workers are career orientated. In order to obtain the organisational objectives procedures are measured and performed according to the organisational rules and standards. Standards and rules applied without personal influence. Human Relations Until the late 20th human relationship hasn’t been taken to serious consideration. It has only been  after Hawthorne Experiments, the improvement of relations between all levels has been accepted as a very important element in the development and improvement of any organisation . This is still have a great importance  nowadays. The job of the manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. To do this the manager should be able to encourage, teach, control, motivate and lead people. But that easier said than done. At my place of work there were different people with different needs. While some of them were satisfied with physiological and safety needs, the others there seeking for recognition from others, self-control and actualisation. So managers couldn’t expect a good performance at work if an individual’s needs haven’t been satisfied. We also had two types of managers. 1 Those who followed Theory X assumption 2 Those who followed Theory Y assumption As for me it was more difficult to work who doesn’t give you much freedom for your thoughts, and things that supervision is a necessity. On the other hand, it was a pleasure to work with someone who allows more flexibility, and thinks that control and punishment are not the only ways to make people work. As a result they got more commitment to the organisation. LIST OF REFERENCES 1 â€Å"Management†Stephen P. Robbinsons, Mary Coulter, 7 edition 2 â€Å"Management† John R. Schermerhorn, JR. 8 edition 3 â€Å"Management† John R. Schermerhorn, JR. 7 edition 4†³Management† Ricky W. Griffin 7 edition 5 â€Å"Modern Management† Siobhan D. Tiernan, Michael J. Morley, Edel Foley www.sfsu.edu/~erich/slides2/-5k www.ee.uwa.edu.au/~ccroft/em333/leca02.html-12k www.evolutionevent.co.uk/-2k